False aneurysm

ARTERIAL EMBOLIZATION

FALSE ANEURYSM

THROMBIN INJECTION

PRESENTATION

ANATOMY

INDICATIONS

CONTRA INDICATIONS

WORKUP

PRE PROCEDURAL

MATERIAL

POSITIONING

STEPS

TIPS AND TRICKS

COMPLICATIONS

POST-OP

FOLLOW-UP

REPORT

FOLDER

LITERATURE

Introduction

Last updated: apr 5, 2023

Pseudoaneurysms can arise from percutaneous access to the arterial system if the artery is not adequately sealed once a sheath is removed. These aneurysms are deemed “false” as they contain no elements of the arterial wall, but rather have a wall composed of thrombus and the surrounding soft tissues. They differ from a hematoma, a simple collection of blood in an extravascular space, as pseudoaneurysms have a defined neck communicating with an arteriotomy

Anatomy

	File Name	Type	Permissions	Changed Date	Date	Size

Indications

Although there is evidence that false aneurysms < 3cm spontaneously close 1, injection with thrombin is easy, safe and obviates the need for follow-up

Contra indications

Absolute

Relative

Workup

Ultrasound with color doppler

Materials

Essentials

Ultrasound
Thrombin (Tisseel component 2)

Non-Essentials

Positioning the patient

Dependant on the location of the aneurysm

The procedure in steps

Time out
Positioneren patient
Wassen met chloorhexidine en steriel afdekken
Sign out

Tips and tricks

Inject initially away from the neck
Consider proximal compression in case of a large neck

Complications

Infection
Thrombosis parent artery 0,5%

Post-op

Non specific

Follow-up

Control duplex 1-3 d

Report

Patient folder

	File Name	Type	Permissions	Changed Date	Date	Size

Literature

	File Name	Type	Permissions	Changed Date	Date	Size

Toursarkissian B;Allen BT;Petrinec D;Thompson RW;Rubin BG;Reilly JM;Anderson CB;Flye MW;Sicard GA; (n.d.). Spontaneous closure of selected iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae. Journal of vascular surgery. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9152307/
Baum ST. Arteriographic diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. In Baum ST, Pentecost MJ, eds. Abrams' angiography interventional radiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2006:488.
Loffroy R, Rao P, Ota S et al. Embolization of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage resistant to endoscopic treatment: results and predictors of recurrent bleeding. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33:1088–1100
Poultsides GA, Kim CJ, Orlando R 3rd, et al. Angiographic embolization for gastroduodenal hemorrhage: safety, efficacy, and predictors of outcome. Arch Surg. 2008;143:457-461.
Eriksson LG, Sundbom M, Gustavsson S, Nyman R. Endoscopic marking with a metallic clip facilitates transcatheter arterial embolization in upper peptic ulcer bleeding. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17:959-964.
Dixon S, Chan V, Shrivastava V et al. Is there a role for empiric gastroduodenal artery embolization in the management of patients with active upper GI hemorrhage? Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2013 Aug;36(4):970-7.
Shin JH. Recent update of embolization of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Korean J Radiol 2012;13 Suppl 1:S31-S39.
Loffroy R, Rao P, Ota S et al. Embolization of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage resistant to endoscopic treatment: results and predictors of recurrent bleeding. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33:1088–1100
van Leerdam ME. Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;22(2):209-24.
Sildiroglu O, Muasher J, Arslan B, Sabri SS, Saad WE, Angle JF, Matsumoto AH, Turba UC. Outcomes of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal nonvariceal hemorrhage referred to interventional radiology for potential embolotherapy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(8):687-92.
Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Patients With Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 Apr;111(4):459-74.
NICE. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding overview.
van Dam J, Brugge WR. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(23):1738-48.
Longstreth GF. Epidemiology and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92(3):419-24.
Lefkovitz Z, Cappell MS, Lookstein R, Mitty HA, Gerard PS. Radiologic diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and ischemia. Med Clin North Am. 2002 Nov;86(6):1357-99.
Lee EW, Laberge JM. Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 7: 112-22
Strate LL, Syngal S. Timing of colonoscopy: impact on length of hospital stay in patients with acute lower intestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Feb;98(2):317-22.
Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Patients With Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 Apr;111(4):459-74.
Chaudhry V, Hyser MJ, Gracias VH, Gau FC. Colonoscopy: the initial test for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am Surg. 1998 Aug;64(8):723-8.
Cummings CL. Value of early capsular endoscopy for severe gastrointestinal bleeding. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(12):1653-6.
Appleyard M, Glukhovsky A, Swain P. Wireless-capsule diagnostic endoscopy for recurrent small-bowel bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(3):232-3.
McGuire HH Jr, Haynes BW Jr. Massive hemorrhage for diverticulosis of the colon: guidelines for therapy based on bleeding patterns observed in fifty cases.Ann Surg. 1972 Jun;175(6):847-55.
McGuire HH Jr. Bleeding colonic diverticula. A reappraisal of natural history and management.Ann Surg. 1994 Nov;220(5):653-6.
Lim JK, Ahmed A. Endoscopic approach to the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 Sep;7(3):123-9.
Nicholson AA, Ettles DF, Hartley JE, et al. Transcatheter coil embolotherapy: a safe and effective option for major colonic haemorrhage. Gut 1998; 43:79–84.
Zuckier LS. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Semin Nucl Med. 2003 Oct;33(4):297-311.
Imbembo AL, Diverticular disease of the colon. In: Sabiston D, Editor. Textbook of Surgery (14th edn). Philadelphia, PA:WB Saunders, 1992:910.
Lang EK. Transcatheter embolization in management of hemorrhage from duodenal ulcer: long-term results and complications. Radiology. 1992;182(3):703-7.
Loffroy R, Rao P, Ota S, De Lin M, Kwak BK, Geschwind JF. Embolization of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage resistant to endoscopic treatment: results and predictors of recurrent bleeding. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010 Dec;33(6):1088-100. doi: 10.1007/s00270-010-9829-7. Epub 2010 Mar 16.
Song JS, Kwak HS, Chung GH. Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: the usefulness of rotational angiography after endoscopic marking with a metallic clip. Korean J Radiol. 2011 Jul-Aug;12(4):473-80.
Eriksson LG, Sundbom M, Gustavsson S, Nyman R. Endoscopic marking with a metallic clip facilitates transcatheter arterial embolization in upper peptic ulcer bleeding. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006 Jun;17(6):959-64.
Anthony S, Milburn S, Uberoi R. Multi-detector CT: review of its use in acute GI haemorrhage. Clin Radiol. 2007 Oct;62(10):938-49.
Ernst O, Bulois P, Saint-Drenant S, Leroy C, Paris JC, Sergent G. Helical CT in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(1):114-7
Mirsadraee S, Tirukonda P, Nicholson A, Everett SM, McPherson SJ. Embolization for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage: a systematic review. Clin Radiol 2011;66:500-509.
Loffroy R, Guiu B, D'Athis P, Mezzetta L, Gagnaire A, Jouve JL, Ortega-Deballon P, Cheynel N, Cercueil JP, Krausé D. Arterial embolotherapy for endoscopically unmanageable acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage: predictors of early rebleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 May;7(5):515-23.
Aina R, Oliva VL, Therasse E, et al. Arterial embolotherapy for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: outcome assessment. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:195-200.
Mirsadraee S, Tirukonda P, Nicholson A, Everett SM, McPherson SJ. Embolization for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage: a systematic review. Clin Radiol 2011;66:500-509.
Loffroy R, Guiu B, Cercueil JP, Lepage C, Latournerie M, Hillon P, Rat P, Ricolfi F, Krausé D. Refractory bleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers: arterial embolization in high-operative-risk patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;42(4):361-7.
Loffroy R, Guiu B, D'Athis P, Mezzetta L, Gagnaire A, Jouve JL, Ortega-Deballon P, Cheynel N, Cercueil JP, Krausé D. Arterial embolotherapy for endoscopically unmanageable acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage: predictors of early rebleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 May;7(5):515-23.
Poultsides GA, Kim CJ, Orlando R 3rd, Peros G, Hallisey MJ, Vignati PV. Angiographic embolization for gastroduodenal hemorrhage: safety, efficacy, and predictors of outcome. Arch Surg 2008;143:457-461.
Lang EK. Transcatheter embolization in management of hemorrhage from duodenal ulcer: long-term results and complications. Radiology. 1992;182(3):703-7.
Gordon RL, Ahl KL, Kerlan RK, Wilson MW, LaBerge JM, Sandhu JS, Ring EJ, Welton ML. Selective arterial embolization for the control of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Surg. 1997;174(1):24-8.
Funaki B, Kostelic JK, Lorenz J, Ha TV, Yip DL, Rosenblum JD, et al. Superselective microcoil embolization of colonic hemorrhage. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;177:829-836 7.
Bandi R, Shetty PC, Sharma RP, Burke TH, Burke MW, Kastan D. Superselective arterial embolization for the treatment of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:1399-1405.
Maleux G, Roeflaer F, Heye S, Vandersmissen J, Vliegen AS, Demedts I, et al. Long-term outcome of transcatheter embolotherapy for acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:2042-2046
Leitman IM, Paull DE, Shires GT 3rd. Evaluation and management of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Ann Surg 1989;209:175-180
Rosenkrantz H, Bookstein JJ, Rosen RJ, Goff WB 2nd, Healy JF. Postembolic colonic infarction. Radiology 1982;142:47-51.
Koh DC, Luchtefeld MA, Kim DG, Knox MF, Fedeson BC, Vanerp JS, et al. Efficacy of transarterial embolization as definitive treatment in lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Colorectal Dis 2009;11:53-59
Lipof T, Sardella WV, Bartus CM, Johnson KH, Vignati PV, Cohen JL. The efficacy and durability of super-selective embolization in the treatment of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Dis Colon Rectum 2008;51:301-305

Lee EW, Laberge JM. Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 7: 112-22
Baum ST. Arteriographic diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. In Baum ST, Pentecost MJ, eds. Abrams' angiography interventional radiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2006:488.
Loffroy R, Rao P, Ota S et al. Embolization of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage resistant to endoscopic treatment: results and predictors of recurrent bleeding. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33:1088–1100
Poultsides GA, Kim CJ, Orlando R 3rd, et al. Angiographic embolization for gastroduodenal hemorrhage: safety, efficacy, and predictors of outcome. Arch Surg. 2008;143:457-461.
Eriksson LG, Sundbom M, Gustavsson S, Nyman R. Endoscopic marking with a metallic clip facilitates transcatheter arterial embolization in upper peptic ulcer bleeding. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17:959-964.
Dixon S, Chan V, Shrivastava V et al. Is there a role for empiric gastroduodenal artery embolization in the management of patients with active upper GI hemorrhage? Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2013 Aug;36(4):970-7.
Shin JH. Recent update of embolization of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Korean J Radiol 2012;13 Suppl 1:S31-S39.
Loffroy R, Rao P, Ota S et al. Embolization of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage resistant to endoscopic treatment: results and predictors of recurrent bleeding. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33:1088–1100
van Leerdam ME. Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;22(2):209-24.
Sildiroglu O, Muasher J, Arslan B, Sabri SS, Saad WE, Angle JF, Matsumoto AH, Turba UC. Outcomes of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal nonvariceal hemorrhage referred to interventional radiology for potential embolotherapy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(8):687-92.
Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Patients With Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 Apr;111(4):459-74.
NICE. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding overview.
van Dam J, Brugge WR. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(23):1738-48.
Longstreth GF. Epidemiology and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92(3):419-24.
Lefkovitz Z, Cappell MS, Lookstein R, Mitty HA, Gerard PS. Radiologic diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and ischemia. Med Clin North Am. 2002 Nov;86(6):1357-99.
Lee EW, Laberge JM. Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 7: 112-22
Strate LL, Syngal S. Timing of colonoscopy: impact on length of hospital stay in patients with acute lower intestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Feb;98(2):317-22.
Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Patients With Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 Apr;111(4):459-74.
Chaudhry V, Hyser MJ, Gracias VH, Gau FC. Colonoscopy: the initial test for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am Surg. 1998 Aug;64(8):723-8.
Cummings CL. Value of early capsular endoscopy for severe gastrointestinal bleeding. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(12):1653-6.
Appleyard M, Glukhovsky A, Swain P. Wireless-capsule diagnostic endoscopy for recurrent small-bowel bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(3):232-3.
McGuire HH Jr, Haynes BW Jr. Massive hemorrhage for diverticulosis of the colon: guidelines for therapy based on bleeding patterns observed in fifty cases.Ann Surg. 1972 Jun;175(6):847-55.
McGuire HH Jr. Bleeding colonic diverticula. A reappraisal of natural history and management.Ann Surg. 1994 Nov;220(5):653-6.
Lim JK, Ahmed A. Endoscopic approach to the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 Sep;7(3):123-9.
Nicholson AA, Ettles DF, Hartley JE, et al. Transcatheter coil embolotherapy: a safe and effective option for major colonic haemorrhage. Gut 1998; 43:79–84.
Zuckier LS. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Semin Nucl Med. 2003 Oct;33(4):297-311.
Imbembo AL, Diverticular disease of the colon. In: Sabiston D, Editor. Textbook of Surgery (14th edn). Philadelphia, PA:WB Saunders, 1992:910.
Lang EK. Transcatheter embolization in management of hemorrhage from duodenal ulcer: long-term results and complications. Radiology. 1992;182(3):703-7.
Loffroy R, Rao P, Ota S, De Lin M, Kwak BK, Geschwind JF. Embolization of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage resistant to endoscopic treatment: results and predictors of recurrent bleeding. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010 Dec;33(6):1088-100. doi: 10.1007/s00270-010-9829-7. Epub 2010 Mar 16.
Song JS, Kwak HS, Chung GH. Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: the usefulness of rotational angiography after endoscopic marking with a metallic clip. Korean J Radiol. 2011 Jul-Aug;12(4):473-80.
Eriksson LG, Sundbom M, Gustavsson S, Nyman R. Endoscopic marking with a metallic clip facilitates transcatheter arterial embolization in upper peptic ulcer bleeding. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006 Jun;17(6):959-64.
Anthony S, Milburn S, Uberoi R. Multi-detector CT: review of its use in acute GI haemorrhage. Clin Radiol. 2007 Oct;62(10):938-49.
Ernst O, Bulois P, Saint-Drenant S, Leroy C, Paris JC, Sergent G. Helical CT in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(1):114-7
Mirsadraee S, Tirukonda P, Nicholson A, Everett SM, McPherson SJ. Embolization for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage: a systematic review. Clin Radiol 2011;66:500-509.
Loffroy R, Guiu B, D'Athis P, Mezzetta L, Gagnaire A, Jouve JL, Ortega-Deballon P, Cheynel N, Cercueil JP, Krausé D. Arterial embolotherapy for endoscopically unmanageable acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage: predictors of early rebleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 May;7(5):515-23.
Aina R, Oliva VL, Therasse E, et al. Arterial embolotherapy for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: outcome assessment. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:195-200.
Mirsadraee S, Tirukonda P, Nicholson A, Everett SM, McPherson SJ. Embolization for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage: a systematic review. Clin Radiol 2011;66:500-509.
Loffroy R, Guiu B, Cercueil JP, Lepage C, Latournerie M, Hillon P, Rat P, Ricolfi F, Krausé D. Refractory bleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers: arterial embolization in high-operative-risk patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;42(4):361-7.
Loffroy R, Guiu B, D'Athis P, Mezzetta L, Gagnaire A, Jouve JL, Ortega-Deballon P, Cheynel N, Cercueil JP, Krausé D. Arterial embolotherapy for endoscopically unmanageable acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage: predictors of early rebleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 May;7(5):515-23.
Poultsides GA, Kim CJ, Orlando R 3rd, Peros G, Hallisey MJ, Vignati PV. Angiographic embolization for gastroduodenal hemorrhage: safety, efficacy, and predictors of outcome. Arch Surg 2008;143:457-461.
Lang EK. Transcatheter embolization in management of hemorrhage from duodenal ulcer: long-term results and complications. Radiology. 1992;182(3):703-7.
Gordon RL, Ahl KL, Kerlan RK, Wilson MW, LaBerge JM, Sandhu JS, Ring EJ, Welton ML. Selective arterial embolization for the control of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Surg. 1997;174(1):24-8.
Funaki B, Kostelic JK, Lorenz J, Ha TV, Yip DL, Rosenblum JD, et al. Superselective microcoil embolization of colonic hemorrhage. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;177:829-836 7.
Bandi R, Shetty PC, Sharma RP, Burke TH, Burke MW, Kastan D. Superselective arterial embolization for the treatment of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:1399-1405.
Maleux G, Roeflaer F, Heye S, Vandersmissen J, Vliegen AS, Demedts I, et al. Long-term outcome of transcatheter embolotherapy for acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:2042-2046
Leitman IM, Paull DE, Shires GT 3rd. Evaluation and management of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Ann Surg 1989;209:175-180
Rosenkrantz H, Bookstein JJ, Rosen RJ, Goff WB 2nd, Healy JF. Postembolic colonic infarction. Radiology 1982;142:47-51.
Koh DC, Luchtefeld MA, Kim DG, Knox MF, Fedeson BC, Vanerp JS, et al. Efficacy of transarterial embolization as definitive treatment in lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Colorectal Dis 2009;11:53-59
Lipof T, Sardella WV, Bartus CM, Johnson KH, Vignati PV, Cohen JL. The efficacy and durability of super-selective embolization in the treatment of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Dis Colon Rectum 2008;51:301-305

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